Tiber River
The city of Rome is situated on the eastern banks of the Tiber River. The Tiber River flows from the Apennines Mountains south-westwards to the Tyrrhenian Sea after passing by Rome. This river is 405 km has played an important role in shaping Rome's history and culture, giving these early settlers access to fresh water for drinking and bathing, as well as a waterway for trade.
Mountain Ranges
Two mountain ranges, the Alps and the Apennines, helped to protect Rome from invasion. The Alps, located on the northern border of Italy, closes off the peninsula from the rest of Europe during winter. This roadblock protected Rome from outside invasions by forcing attackers to move slowly through narrow passes.
Seven Hills
Rome is also characterized by the Seven Hills. These hills include, Viminal, Quirinal, Palatine, Esquiline, Capitoline, Caelian, and Aventine and are separated by marshy land and the Tiber River. In Ancient Rome, each of these hills had separate walled cities. The people would farm at the base of the hills and lived on the hilltops.
Climate
Being close to the Tyrrhenian Sea, Rome experiences a Mediterranean climate. The summer months are warm to mild, and the winters are cold. The heavy rainfall occurs during the winter months between October to January.
Central Location
Rome further benefited from its location at the center of the Mediterranean Sea. The Italian Peninsula is only 50 miles from Greece, while Sicily is less than 100 miles from Africa. Rome is also a short voyage by boat from Spain and is a short journey to France on horseback. Its central location made Rome a great trading post.